大工13春《大学英语3》辅导资料十四
大工13春《大学英语3》辅导资料十四主 题：Unit 9的知识扩展、Unit 10的重点单词和短语学习时间：2013年7月1日－7月7日内 容：定语从句（本课难点）三、as在定语从句中的用法1. 引导非限制性定语从句在非限制性定语从句中，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。as引导的从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，通常译为“正如……一样”等。As might be expected, John was admitted to the university.（约翰被大学录取了，这是可以预料到的。） as代替后面的句子，在从句中作主语As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.as引导定语从句同时作主语下面是常见的as引导的结构，一般位于句首： as is well known 众所周知as has been said before 如前所述as is hoped 正如所希望的四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1. 比较名称意义结构要求功能引导词
限制性定语从句起限定作用，指特定的人或物，不可省略，否则原句句意不完整紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号修饰先行词关系代词、关系副词或that
非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，若省略掉，原句句意也是完整的用逗号与主句隔开修饰先行词或整个主句只用关系代词或关系副词，不用that
I don’t like people who lose their temper easily.（我不喜欢爱发脾气的人。）限制性定语从句Boys who attend this school have to wear uniforms.（在这个学校上学的男孩必须穿制服。） 限制性定语从句He lent me a thousand dollars, which was exactly the amount I needed.（他借给我一千美元，这笔钱正好够我用。） 非限制性He was left on a desolate island, where he stayed for as long as three months.（他被抛到一个荒岛上，在那里待了三个月之久。） 非限制性2. 用关系代词还是用关系副词正确选用关系词有时并不那么容易。同样的先行词，由于在从句中所起的作用不同，须用不同的关系词代替它。下面几点可作为选择的依据：1) 弄清楚代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，是主语、宾语、定语还是状语；2) 辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；3) 判断从句是限制性的还是非限制性的。比较：This is the place where the traffic accident occurred.（这就是发生交通事故的地方。）where作状语This is the place which the foreign guests are going to visit.（这就是外国朋友要参观的地方。） which作宾语The reason which she gave is unbelievable.（她提出的理由是不可信的。） which作宾语The reason why he refused her is not know.（他拒绝她的原因不得而知。）why作状语The tree which has been cut down is 300 years old.（那棵被砍倒的树已有300年的历史。）which作主语The tree whose leaves have fallen is 300 years old.（那棵落了叶的树已有300年的历史。）whose作定语3. 关系代词用作表语关系代词that, which和as可用作表语：1) that在限制性定语从句中作表语，可省；2) which在非限制性定语从句中作表语，不可省；She is not the sweet girl (that) she was.（她不再是从前那个甜美的女孩了。）He is not the man (that) he seems.（他这人不可貌相。）He is a fool, which you are not.（他傻，你不傻。）NEW WORDS (对Unit 10重点单词和词组的解释)1. advancen. 进步，进展e.g. His book argues that there have been major advances for women since 1945.（他在书中认为妇女的状况自从1945年以来有了很大的改善。） Recent advances in biotechnology have raised moral questions.（生物技术近期的发展引出了道德问题。）2. devicen. 装置；器具e.g. a useful device for detecting electrical activity（用于探测电流活动的有用仪器） modern labor-saving devices（节省劳力的现代化装置）3. eruptionn. 爆发e.g. The eruption of volcano makes many people lose their lives.（火山的爆发使许多人丧失了生命。） The place was recently visited by a serious volcanic eruption.（这地方最近发生了一次严重的火山爆发。）[词性变化] eruptvi. 爆发e.g. An active volcano may erupt at any time.（活火山随时可能喷发。）4. flexibleadj. 柔韧的，易弯曲的e.g. This tube is flexible but tough.（这管子柔软但很坚固。）5. floatingadj. 漂浮的；移动的e.g. The raft was floating gently down the river.（筏子顺河水缓缓漂流。） London has a large floating population.（伦敦有大批流动人口。）6. frozenadj. 冰冻的e.g. I’m absolutely frozen. Do you mind if I put the heating on?（我可真冻坏了；我把暖气打开，行吗？） the froze river（结了冰的河）7. incompleteadj. 不完全的, 不完整的e.g. Her handbooks are incomplete.（她的手册不完整。） They only got an incomplete set of results from the experiment.（他们从这次实验中只得到了一组不完整的答案。）[反义词] completeadj. 完整的e.g. a complete set of the works of Shakespeare（莎士比亚全集）8. massiveadj. 巨大的e.g. The temple is supported by massive columns.（此庙由粗大的柱子支撑。） massive castle walls（城堡的高大围墙）9. migrationn. 迁移，移动e.g. Seabirds will fly from here to another place for migration every year.（海鸟每年都要从一个地方迁徙到另一个地方。） There was a huge migration of people into Europe because of the war.（因为战争，大量的移民涌入欧洲。）10. minoradj. 较小的, 次要的e.g. She acted as a minor role in the play.（她在剧中扮演了一个次要的角色。） I made minor alterations to the article.（我对这篇文章作了小规模的修改。）[反义词] majoradj. 较多的, 主要的e.g. The play was a major success.（这出戏大获成功。）11. predictvt. 预言；预报e.g. The fortune-teller predicted that I would marry a doctor.（算命先生预言我会同一位医生结婚。） I can predict something with great accuracy.（我能很准确地预测某事。）12. releasen. 释放e.g. After the release from prison he went abroad.（他释放出狱后便去了国外。） release of energy（能量的释放）[词性变化] releasevt. 释放e.g. Plants can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.（植物可以吸收二氧化碳释放氧气。）13. remainvi. 剩余；留下；保持e.g. He remained poor all his life.（他终生贫穷。） When the others had gone, Mary remained and put back the furniture.（当其他人走了之后，玛丽留下来，将家具放回原处。）14. shapevt. 使成形；形成e.g. The bird shaped its nest from mud and sticks.（鸟儿用泥土和树枝做成鸟巢。）[词性变化] shapen. 外形；形态e.g. This island is triangular in shape.（这个岛的外形呈三角形。）15. signn. 符号e.g. signs of military rank（军阶符号） the minus sign（负号）16. strikevt. （不幸的事）突然发生e.g. It was not long before tragedy struck again.（没多久，灾难又再次降临。） Suddenly disaster struck.（突然间，灾难降临了。）[词形变化] strike的过去式是struck 过去分词是struck17. violentadj. 猛烈的e.g. a violent storm（猛烈的暴风雨） There were violent clashes between police and demonstrators.（警察和示威者之间产生了暴力冲突。）EXPRESSIONS1. go to show 说明，证明e.g. It all goes to show that crime doesn’t pay.2. in spite of 虽然，尽管e.g. In spite of the bad weather, we went fishing.（我们不顾恶劣的天气而去钓鱼。）3. wipe out 取消；彻底消灭或摧毁e.g. The government is trying to wipe out drug trafficking.（政府竭力清除无忧答案网买卖活动。）4. with the aid of ... 借助于……，通过……的帮助e.g. With the aid of computers, we can work better.（在电脑的帮助下，我们能工作得更好。）统考例题（重点掌握）1. The doctor _________ is leaving for America next month.A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 解析：本题中的关系代词whom/that由于在宾语从句中作宾语，可以省略。所以选择C。2. This is Mr. Smith, ________ I think has something interesting to tell us.A. who B. whom D. that D. /解析：注意句中I think是插入语。要是删去插入语，很显然定语从句缺少了主语。本题是非限制性定语从句，逗号之后不能用that作关系词，指人只能用who。所以选择A。3. While I was in the university, I learned taking a photo, _________ is very useful now for me.A. it B. which C. that D. what解析：本题为非限制性定语从句。which指代“我学会拍照”这件事。所以选择B。4. I am very grateful to you for what you’ve given me and ________ you have done for me.A. which B. thatC. all what D. all that解析：如果先行词是all，关系代词只用that。例如：That’s all that I could do at that time.（这就是我当时所能做的。）所以选择D。5. That was the reason _______ Mac gave me the other day.A. why B. for that C. which D. for which解析：the reason是定语从句的先行词。用什么关系词取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分。本题中，the reason是gave的宾语，因而要用which，不能用表示原因的why。所以选择C。练习题（重点练习）1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.A. which B. what C. as D. those2. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. that B. where C. which D. the one3. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.A. we stayed at B. where we stayed atC. we stayed D. in that we stayed4. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.A. that B. where C. in which D. in that5. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what答案：1. A2. D3. A4. A5. A
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