大工13春《大学英语3》辅导资料十一
大工13春《大学英语3》辅导资料十一主 题：对Unit 7的知识扩展、Unit8的重点单词和短语(上)
学习时间：2013年6月10日－6月16日
内 容：
时间状语从句：（本课难点）
连词有when（当……时）, whenever（每当）, as（当……时）, since（自从……）, till（直到）, until（直到）, before（在……前）, after（在……后）, as soon as（一……就……）, once（一旦……）, no sooner ... than（一……就……）, hardly ... when（一……就……）, the moment（一……就……）
1. when, whenever, as和while
when表示某个具体的时间，所引导从句的动作或是与主句的动作同时发生，或是先于主句动作。when可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可表示一时性的动作，又可表示持续性的动作。
whenever指的是“任何一个不具体的时间”。
as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般同延续性动词连用。
while只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作。
as和while可译为“一边……一边……，正当……的时候”。
例句：
He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.（正当开会的时候他走进了房间。） 指一段时间
When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.（她来的时候我会告诉她等你的。） 指一点时间，不能用while
While (As) Jim was reading, Jack was writing.（吉姆阅读的时候，杰克在写东西。）指一段时间
As (When) he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.（他讲话结束的时候，听众掌声雷动。）指一点时间，不能用while
I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.（我正在路上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍拍我的肩膀。）这句中的when引导的从句相当于一个由and连接的并列分句，这里只能用when，意为“在那时，然后”等。
2. before和after
before和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。
before引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。
after引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句要用过去完成时。例如：
They had got everything ready before I arrived.（在我到达之前他们已经把一切准备好了。）
After he had worked in the factory for ten years, he went abroad.（他在这家工厂工作了十年后就出国了。）
It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position. （not long意为“不久……就”）
[注]如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。例如：
He arrived after the game started.（比赛开始后他才到达。）
She did not understand me before I explained it to her.（在我向她解释之前，她不理解我的意思。）
3. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when
这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作相继发生，意为“一……就……”， 主句动词用过去完成时。例如：
He had hardly gone to bed when the door bell rang.（他刚刚睡下，门铃就响了。）
如果no sooner或hardly位于句首，主句要倒装，即把had放在主语前。例如：
No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.（他刚一下车，女儿就跑了过来。）
4. as soon as, the moment
这两个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生，通常译为“一……就”。名词词组the second, the minute, the day, the month等也可作连词，引导时间状语从句。例如：
Every time he walked by the lake, he thought of his childhood life.
I shall come as soon as I’ve finished supper.（我一吃过晚饭就来。）
She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.（她一听说发生了事故，就立刻到现场来了。）
[注] as soon as引导时间状语从句时，从句谓语根据情况可用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时或过去完成时。例如：
一般现在时 Could you ring me up as soon as he arrives?（他一到你就给我打电话好吗？）
一般过去时As soon as he found a job he would write to you.（他一找到工作就给你写信。）
现在完成时 She’ll be coming over as soon as I’ve settled down.（我一安顿下来她就会来的。）
过去完成时 He left as soon as he had drunk coffee.（他一喝完咖啡就离开了。）
5. till和until
这两个词的意思都是“直到……，一直……为止”，相当于up to the time that，表示一个动作持续到某一时刻或某一动作发生为止。它们用法相近，但在句首只能用until。
在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，until或till可以和非延续性动词连用。例如：
She stood there till (until) he had passed out of sight.（她站在那里看着，直到望不见他的身影。）
辨析：
He entered the room until I returned.（误）
He didn’t enter the room until (before) I returned.（正）直到我回来他才进入房间。
Until they had finished the work, they did not go home.（他们直到工作完成了才回家。） 不用till
6. by和until
在表示时间概念时，by与until不同。by表示“到……为止”，即not later than，动作已完成，谓语应是非延续性动词；
until表示“继续到……时候”，即up to the time that，谓语应是延续性动词。例如：
Can you finish the work until Saturday?（误）
Can you finish the work by Saturday?（正）
You’ll have to keep the key by Monday.（误）
You’ll have to keep the key until Monday.（正）
7. since
since所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句中用完成时态。例如：
Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city.（他大学毕业后一直在这个城市里工作。）
Jack came to see me last month. Since we left school, we had not seen each other.（杰克上个月来看我。自从我们离开学校，我们一直没有见面。）
[注] 作介词时，since后要接时间点，不接时间段。例如：
He has been writing the book since five years.（误）
He has been writing the book since five years ago.（正）
He has been writing the book for five years since he retired.（正）
NEW WORDS (对Unit 8重点单词的解释(上))
1. adverseadj. 不利的
e.g. adverse conditions / effects（不利的情况/影响）
We had to abandon the climb because of adverse weather conditions.（由于天气十分恶劣，我们不得不放弃这次登山。）
2. appealingadj. 有吸引力的；有趣的
e.g. I find the idea of $100,000 dollars a year very appealing.（我认为每年10万美元很诱人。）
She does look rather appealing in that dress.（她穿上那件衣服看起来很有吸引力。）
3. arbitraryadj. 武断的
e.g. Management is weak, morale is low and punishment is arbitrary.（管理不力，士气低落，惩罚武断。）
The precise generational boundaries are somewhat arbitrary, and other individual differences usually count for more. （对不同代人精确地划分多少有些武断，不同代人其他具体的差异通常更为重要。）
4. digitaladj. 数字的，数码的
e.g. PDA is short personal digital assistance.（PDA是个人数字助理的缩写。）
Digital products are popular nowadays.（数码产品现今非常流行。）
5. endurev. 忍耐；持续存在
e.g. There are limits to what the human body can endure.（人体的耐力是有限度的。）
a city built to endure（建筑牢固、历世长存的城市）
6. flattervt. 奉承，讨好
e.g. He flattered her, saying how beautiful her eyes were.（他奉承她，说她的眼睛有多美丽。）
He flattered her on her cooking.（他对她的烹调阿庚奉承。）
7. frustrationn. 失意；失望
e.g. It wasn’t what he said that made me cry – it was sheer frustration.（我哭的不是他说的话——而彻底的失望。）
[搭配] in/with frustration
e.g. He watched in frustration as his team lost yet again.（他失望地看着他的球队又输了。）
8. lingervi. 逗留；徘徊
e.g. The pain lingered on for weeks.（疼痛持续了好几个星期。）
He lingered outside the school after everybody else had gone home.（在别人都已回家后，他仍在学校外徘徊。）
9. notionn. 概念；观念
e.g. I haven’t the faintest notion what you’re talking about.（我对你谈论的事一点也不懂。）
He is full of silly notions.（他满脑子的傻念头。）
10. shiftvi. 改变，转变
e.g. Public opinion has shifted on this issue.（公众对这个问题的看法已经改变。）
[搭配] shift your ground 改变立场
e.g. The government shifted its ground, and gradually lent its support to African nationalism.（政府改变了立场，对非洲民族主义逐渐采取支持的态度。）
11. slumpn. 衰退期，萧条期
e.g. the slump in the late 80s（80年代后期的经济萧条）
The deep slump in the economy has hit millennials hard.（经济的严重滑坡使千禧代大受打击。）
12. tendencyn. 趋势；倾向
e.g. There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.（有一个越来越普遍的趋势，就是人们不是在办公室而是在家里上班。）
She has a tendency to shout when she gets angry.（她生气时喜欢大喊大叫。）
统考例题（重点掌握）
1. ________ evidence that language acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A. It being B. It is C. There is D. There being
解析：that引导的是一个同位语从句，修饰evidence。There is evidence that + 同位语从句可以作固定句式，表示“有证据表明……”。答案C。
2. Having been asked to speak at the convention _____________. .
A. some notes were prepared for Dr .Smith
B. Dr. Smith prepared some notes
C. the convention members were pleased to hear Dr .Smith
D. some notes were prepared by Dr .Smith
解析：本题考查分词短语与句子主语之间的逻辑关系。分词短语做状语可置于句首或句末，表示目的、原因、伴随状态等。分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致。过去分词表示主语是被动者，现在分词表示主语是施动者。本题分词短语的逻辑主语是Dr. Smith，故主句应与此保持一致，答案B。
3. Ever since the Smiths moved to the suburbs a year ago they ________ better health.
A. could have enjoyed B. had enjoyed
C. have been enjoying D. are enjoying
解析：ever since 表示自过去某个时间直至现在，谓语动词应用完成时态。如果过程还未结束，用现在完成进行时；如果已过去，用现在完成时。题意为：自从Smith 一家年前搬到郊区，他们一直很健康地生活。表动作尚在运行中，故用完成进行时。答案C。
4. Mike has put on so much weight this year that his mother has to _______ all his trousers to his measure.
A. let out B. give away C. bring in D. make up
解析：let out意为“放大，放宽”；give away意为“赠送，泄露”；bring in意为“引进，创收”；make up意为“弥补，组成”。根据题意选择A。
5. I don’t want to talk about it now. I’m not in the ________.
A. feeling B. attitude C. emotion D. mood
解析：be in the mood /no mood to do something是固定搭配，表示“有（没有）做……的心情”。根据题意，只有D符合题意要求。
练习题（重点练习）
1. He opened the letter and it contained ________.
A. an important information B. some important informations
C. many important information D. some important information
2. We’ve missed the last bus, I’m afraid we have no ________ but to take a taxi.
A. way B. choice
C. possibility D. selection
3. You don’t mind _______ you Xiao Li, do you?
A. call B. to call C. to callingD. calling
4. It is not until you have lost your health ______ you know its value.
A. until B. when C. what D. that
5. Mathematics __________ study or science of numbers.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
答案：1. D2. B3. D4. D5. A
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