大工20春《专业英语(计算机英语)》复习资料 (12)
专业英语(计算机英语)辅导资料四主 题：第4章 Data Structure学习时间：2020年4月20日--4月26日
“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题理论学习：
每周文摘：担使命，就是要牢记我们党肩负的实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史使命，勇于担当负责，积极主动作为，用科学的理念、长远的眼光、务实的作风谋划事业；保持斗争精神，敢于直面风险挑战，知重负重、攻坚克难，以坚忍不拔的意志和无私无畏的勇气战胜前进道路上的一切艰难险阻；在实践历练中增长经验智慧，在经风雨、见世面中壮筋骨、长才干。
摘选自《在“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育工作会议上的讲话》
内 容：
本周我们将学习课件第4章Data Structure。希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对本章相关知识点的理解。
重点掌握内容：
1．重点：掌握数据结构的三个特性、掌握堆栈和队列的特点及其应用。
2．难点：英汉互译技巧。
课程任务：
1. 背诵本文中出现的新单词、词组，理解其含义。
2. 完成练习题。一、New Words & Expressions:
hash table 杂凑(哈希)表
priority queues 优先队列
reusability n.复用性
binary tree 二叉树
traversing 遍历，走过
context-free 与上下文无关的
inviting a.引人动心的
contiguous a.邻近的
stack n. 堆栈
insertion n.插入
deletion n.删除
pop 退栈
push 进栈
backtrack v.回溯
pseudocode n.[计]伪代码
retrieve v. 重新得到；找回
pointer n. 指针
pertinent a. 有（相）关的
extract vt. 取，引
back out 返回
entail vt. 使承担， 带来
traverse v. 遍历
shrink v. 收缩
allot vt. 分配
predecessor n.前辈, 前任
back and forth adv.来来往往地, 来回地
vacancy n.空, 空白, 空缺
stuff vt.填充, 塞满
entry 登录, 入口[计]登录(输入)项, 条目, 表项
二、Abbreviations
LIFO (last-in, first-out) 后进先出
FIFO (first-in, first-out) 先进先出三、常用英汉互译技巧
1、增译法
（1）根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
（2）英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词。而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
（3）英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般 用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
（4）在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。
例：三个臭皮匠（cobbler），合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）
mastermind：才华横溢的人;智囊;策划者 2、省译法
这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。
例： You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）3、转换法
在翻译过程中，为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯，对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换：
（1）在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。
（2）在句子成分方面，把主语变成定语、状语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。
（3）在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。
（4）在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
例：孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. (汉译英：动词转名词) 4、拆句法和合并法
汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。
拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；
合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。
例：Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）5、正译法和反译法
这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。
所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。
所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。
正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯，因此比较地道 。
例：你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
(正译)You can obtain this information on the Internet.
(反译)This information is accessible/available on the Internet. 6、倒置法
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，有时也可用于汉译英。
例：改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)7、包孕法
这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。
例：IP multicasting is a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network.
IP多信道广播是使数据向网络中许多位置高效传送的一组技术。8、插入法
指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。
例：如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们将勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.9、重组法
在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事伦理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。10、综合法
是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。
例1：Behind this formal definition are three extremely important concepts that are the basis for understanding the Internet: packet switching, the TCP/IP communications protocol, and client/server computing.
在这个正式的定义背后，隐含着三个极其重要的概念：分组交换、TCP/IP(传输控制协议/网际协议)通信协议和客户机/服务器计算技术，它们乃是理解因特网的基础。四、本节例题
1. Multiple Choice:
(1) The software and hardware components of a computer ____.
A. function independently
B. can never be coordinated
C. rely on each other and support each other
答案：C
(2) Accessing data from a floppy disk is called ____ data.
A. printing
B. reading
C. writing
答案：B
(3) A location in RAM memory is accessed by its ______.
A. contents
B. address
C storage unit
D. storage capacity
答案：B
(4) Of the following statements, ______ is incorrect in describing the characteristics of the computer.
A. “It has high speed”
B. “It can’t calculate automatically and successively”
C. “It can remember large quantities of information”
D. “It can perform logical functions”
答案：B
2. Translate the following screen messages into Chinese:
(1) Abort edit (Y/N)? 中断编辑
(2) Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? 中止，重试，忽略，失败
(3) Access denied. 访问拒绝
(4) All specified file(s) are Contiguous. 所有特定文件都是连续的
(5) Allocation error for file, size adjusted. 文件分配出错，调整长度
(6) APPEND/ASSIGN conflict. 添加/分配冲突
(7) Attempted to access data outside of segment bounds. 访问数据越界
(8) Attempted write Protect Violation. 试图违反写保护
(9) Bad Call format. 错误的调用格式
(10) Backup file sequence error. 备分文件顺序错误五、课后习题、阅读理解
Computer-Our Good Fellows
Whatever you are, a scientist, a manager, an architect, a lawyer, a notice or a successful scholar; and no mater whatever you are diligent, or lazy, in the modern work, study and life, you always need our common good friends-computers.
A computer is an erudite tutor, and a talented secretary who can draw up documents, manage data, design blueprints, type papers and so on. Furthermore, the computer is the most obedient and diligent “house-keeper” or “servant” of housewives; it is also a game expert admired by children. Oh, the computer is really a welcome fellow of ours.
Office Automation
Office Automation (OA) is the application of the computer and communication technologies to improve the productivity of clerical and managerial office workers, the major functions of the OA system include text processing, electronic mail, information storage and retrieval, task management, and etc. Today, there have been many OA systems, for example, desktop publishing, video conference, videotext and so on. So, many office workers can easily find the information they want through a personal computer sitting on his or her desk, it changes substantially the way people work in an office.
Artificial Intelligence
For many years, researchers have been exploring the way people think in hopes of creating a computer that thinks like a person. This is so called Artificial Intelligence (AI). It aims at producing a computer system that will be able to communicate with us by speech and hearing, and be capable of solving intelligent problems. One practical application of AI has been in the area of expert systems. An expert system is a computer program that solves the specialized problems at the level of a human expert.
Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)
CAI is an educational concept that places the student in a conversational mode with a computer that has a preprogrammed study plan. The programmed course selects the next topic or phase of study according to previous responses from the students, allowing each student to process at a place directly related to his or her learning capability.
Expert System
An expert system is a software system having some domain knowledge, which can solve some problems for people. Its performance depends on the facts and the rules that are fed into the computer. The expert knowledge is gathered by knowledge engineers from human experts in the field such as medicine, engineering, or geology. For example, in the field of medicine, one question that might be asked of an expert system is whether one treatment is better for a patient than another one. An expert system has the capacity to store the collection of knowledge and manipulate it in response to user’s inquiries, in some cases, it can explain responses to the user.
Translate the following two paragraphs into Chinese:
(1) Whatever you are, a scientist, a manager, an architect, a lawyer, a notice or successful scholar; and no matter whatever you are diligent, or lazy, in the modern work, study and life, you always need our common good friends-computers.
(2) Office Automation (OA) is the application of the computer and communication technologies to improve the productivity of clerical and managerial office workers. The major functions of the OA system include text processing, electronic mail, information storage and retrieval, task management and etc. Today, there have been many OA systems, for example, desktop publishing, video conference, videotext and so on. So, many office workers can easily find the information they want through a personal computer sitting on his or her desk, it changes substantially the way people work in an office.
Questions:
(1) From the article above, can you tell some examples of OA systems today?
(2) What is CAI?
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