西南大学18秋[0849]高级英语二作业
08491、Sheremainsconfidentand______untroubledbyourpresentproblems.
indefinitely
optimistically
seemingly
infinitely
参考答案：seemingly；
2、NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom______onearthratherthanbacteriaonMars.
condemnation
configuration
contamination
constitution
参考答案：contamination；
3、Mr.Smithbecamevery______whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.
objective
indignant
ingenious
empirical
参考答案：indignant；
4、Formanypatients,institutionalcareisthemost___andbeneficialformofcare.
D.pertinent
F.persistent
appropriate
acute
5、Hiswifeisquitelazy.Herreluctancetowashherownclothesisacasepoint.
in
on
to
6、Agoodteachershouldnotconfronthispupilstoomuchinformationinonelesson.
by
with
from
about
7、Everyproductwesellcomeswithatwo-year.
guarantee
safety
confirmation
conservation
8、IwishIcouldmakeyouseethelittlestoreswayoffinthebackwoodswherewewouldstopto_______ourfoodstockfromtimetotime.
consume
replenish
compliment
exhaust
9、Manytouristswere_____bythecity’scomplicatedtrafficsystem.
degraded
ewildered
evoked
diverted
10、Herefforttoredecoratethebighousekepther_____forawholeweek.
constrained
dominated
restricted
occupied
11、Thenightwasso_____thatthemurdererwaseasilyabletoescapehispursuers.
misty
moist
mild
messy
12、Itishoursbeforeyoudare______intoabaker’sshopagain.
sit
rob
venture
dodge
13、Whensomeoneistouched,heorsheimmediatelystopsforaninstantandwonders“Whatdidthatmean?”Insuchsettings,“handsoff”isthebestpolicybecauseevenawell-intentionedtouchcanbebadly________.
misconstrued
misapplied
misplaced
misconceived
14、InScotland,asintherestoftheUnitedKingdom,______schoolingbeginsatage5andendsatage16.
compelling
forced
obliged
compulsory
15、Mybosshasalwaysattendedtothe______ofimportantbusinesshimself.
transaction
timulation
transition
solution
16、Histastesandhabits______withthoseofhiswife.
combine
coincide
compete
compromise
17、Theshop-assistantwasstraightwithhiscustomers.Ifanarticlewasof______qualityhe’dtellthemso.
humble
minor
inferior
awkward
18、Andwhenshethoughtofallthethingstheyactuallyneededtomaketheplaceeven_______fittolivein,well,shecouldcry,thatwasall.
improperly
uncomfortably
decently
unsuitably
19、Themicroscopecan______theobject100timesindiameter.
magnify
develop
increase
multiply
20、Withallitsadvantages,thecomputerisbynomeanswithoutits______.
boundaries
confinements
restraints
limitations
21、Thebranchescouldhardly______theweightofthefruit.
retain
maintain
sustain
remain
22、Thatsearchforhonorsisaharmlesspassion,thoughitmayleadto______anddeformationofcharacters.
jealousies
aspirations
infirmities
challenges
23、Itisthebeautieswhohadthehardesttime.Aportraitofthemselvesattwentyhangsonthewall,andtheytryto______itbymakinganextravagantuseofcreams,powders,anddyes.
differ
avoid
resemble
identify
24、Isupposethatthejunk-collectingispartlyfromlethargyandpartlyfromthefeelingthateverythingonceusefulshouldbe______.
deserted
ignored
abandoned
reserved
25、Andwhenshethoughtofallthethingstheyactuallyneededtomaketheplaceeven_______fittolivein,well,shecouldcry,thatwasall.
improperly
uncomfortably
decently
unsuitably
26、Shehadborneallthe______shemeanttobearinthesmallflatntown;therewasspacehereatleastandshemeanttokeepthingsinorder.
grace
decoration
neatness
clutter
27、Thewhole_______prayedformealone,inamightywailofmoansandvoices.
congregation
circle
building
mass
28、“Thehuntingpartieswentintotheforestinforce,ratherlikeraidersthanhunters.”Hereinforcecanbereplacedby______.
inlargenumbers
heavilyarmed
aggressively
forcefully
29、Sheonceagainwentthroughhercompositioncarefullyto______allspellingmistakesfromit.
withdraw
diminish
abandon
eliminate
30、We______Edison’ssuccesstohisintelligenceandhardwork.
subject
attribute
think
refer
31、Whenbusinessis_____,thereisusuallyanobviousincreaseinunemployment.
degraded
depressed
reduced
lessened
32、Whenheappliedfora______intheofficeofthelocalnewspaperhewastoldtoseethemanager.
location
rofession
career
osition
33、Somepeoplecriticizefamilydoctorsfor______toomanymedicinesforminorillnesses.
rescribing
ordering
advising
delivering
34、Themanagercloselyexamineditandthenfeltreassured.Asmileof______spreadoverhissmoothandswarthyface.
failure
triumph
mockery
inferiority
35、Itistrue,ofcourse,thatallcarsmusthaveawidththatis_____bythetrafficlanes,andmusthaveproperbrakes,lights,andsoon.
accommodated
created
elaborated
fitted
36、Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto_______myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.
assure
inform
avail
notify
37、Thepastoralidealconnotesa_________naturewhereconflict,danger,andtensionarenon-existent.
rough
malicious
capricious
benign
38、Airplaneshavethereputationofbeingdangerousandeventhe__________travelersareintimidatedbythem.
craven
hardened
dominant
apprehensive
39、Appetiteisoneofthesensesthattellsyouthatyouwanttobiteintotheworldandtasteitsmultitudinousflavoursandjuices.Thefigureofspeechusedhereis__________.
ersonification
metonymy
hyperbole
metaphor
40、Itisreallyoneofthekindestyetmosteffectivewaysto_______someone’sardor.
dull
deaden
depress
dampen
41、Bythen,MissGenovesehadcrawledtothebackofthebuilding,wherethefreshlypaintedbrowndoorstotheapartmenthouse______hopeforsafety.
tookout
gaveout
heldout
sentout
42、Hemust__________hisemotions,orletthemoutonlyonaveryspecialoccasion.
holdin
callon
bottleup
askfor
43、Fiber-opticcablescancarryhundredsoftelephoneconversations______.
contemporarily
spontaneously
simultaneously
homogeneously
44、EvenbeforeHistorianJosephEllisbecameabest-sellingauthor,hewasfamousforhisvividlectures.InhispopularcoursesatMountHolyokeCollegeinMassachusetts,hewouldoftenmakeclassroomdiscussionslivelybydescribinghisowncombatexperienceinVietnam.ButasEllis’sreputationgrew–hisbooksontheFoundingFathershavewonboththeprestigiousNationalBookAwardandthePulitzerPrize–thehistoryprofessorbegantoentertainlocalandnationalreporterswithhismemoriesofwar.Lastyear,afterTheBostonGlobecarriedaccountsofEllis’sexperienceintheVietnamwar,someonewhoknewthetruthaboutEllisdroppedadime.LastweekTheBostonGloberevealedthatEllis,famousforexplainingthenation’shistory,hadsomeexplainingtodoabouthisownpast.“Eveninthebestoflives,mistakesaremade,”saidawretchedEllis.ItturnedoutthatwhilethedistinguishedhistorianhadservedintheArmy,he’dspenthiswaryearsnotinthejunglesofSoutheastAsia,butteachinghistoryatWestPoint.He’dalsooverstatedhisroleintheantiwarmovementandevenhishigh-schoolathleticrecords.Hisadmissionshockedcolleagues,fellowhistoriansandstudentswhowonderedwhysomeonesoaccomplishedwouldbeautifyhispast.Butitseemsthatsuccessandtruthfulnessdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Evenamongthedistinguishedachieves,securityexpertssay,oneintenisdeceiving–indulgingineverythingfromemptyboastingtomoreseriousoffensessuchasplagiarism,fictionalizingmilitaryrecords,makingupfalseacademiccertificatesorworse.And,oddly,prominentpeoplewhobeautifythepastoftendosooncethey’refamous,saidErnestRodofKrollAssociates,whichhasconductedthousandsofbackgroundschecks.SaysBrod:“It’snotliketheyusetheseliestoclimbtheladder.”Thenwhatmakesthemdoit?Psychologistssaysomepeoplesucceed,atleastinpart,becausetheyareuniquelyadjustedtotheexpectationsofothers.Andnomatterhowwell-known,thosepeoplecanbehauntedbyasenseoftheirownshortcomings.“Fromoutside,theyfeelhollow,empty.”
Alloftheabove.
Hisathleticrecordsinhighschool.
?Hiswarexperience?inVietnam.
?Hisroleintheantiwarmovement.
Tobecomemoresuccessful.
?Tocoverone’sseriousoffenses.
Togofurtherinbeautifyingone’spast.
Toinquireintoone’sbackground.
taughtatamilitaryschool
exaggeratedhispartasahistorian
mademistakesintheantiwarmovement
combatedinVietnam
?Hehaswrittenabestsellerforanewspaper–?TheBostonGlobe.
?HeisafamousprofessorofhistoryatWestPoint.
HisbookontheVietnamwarhaswontwoimportantprizes.
?Hehastoldbothstudentsandreporters?abouthisownexperienceofwar.
lookweaktoothers</p><p>
?feelweakintheirhearts</p><p>
takeprideintheirweaknesses</p><p>
?thinknothing?ofothers
45、Afterretirementfrommedicalresearch,mywifeandIbuiltourhomeinagatedcommunitysurroundedbyyachtclubsandgolfcoursesonHiltonHeadIsland.ButwhenIleftfortheothersideoftheisland,Iwastravellingonunpavedroadslinedwithleakycottages.The“lifestyle”ofmanyofthenativeislandersstoodinshockingcontrasttomycomfortableexistence.Bytalkingtothelocalfolks,Idiscoveredthatthevastmajorityofthemaids,gardeners,waitressesandconstructionworkerswhomakethisislandworkhadlittleornoaccesstomedicalcare.Itseemedoutrageoustome.Iwonderedwhysomeonedidn’tdosomethingaboutthat.Thenmyfather’swords,whichhehadaskedhischildrendailywhentheywereyoung,ranginmyheadagain:“Whatdidyoudoforsomeonetoday?”Eventhoughmyfatherhaddiedseveralyearsbefore,IguessIstilldidn’twanttodisappointhim.SoIstartedworkingonasolution.Theislandwasfullofretireddoctors.IfIcouldpersuadethemtospendafewhoursaweekvolunteeringtheirservices,wecouldprovidefreeprimaryhealthcaretothosesodesperatelyinneedofit.MostofthedoctorsIapproachedliketheidea,solongastheycouldberelicensedwithouttroubles.Ittookoneyearandplentyofpersistence,butIwasabletopersuadethestatelegislatorstocreateaspeciallicensefordoctorsvolunteeringinnot-for-profitclinics.Thetowndonatedland,localresidentscontributedofficeandmedicalequipmentandsomeofthepotentialpatientsvolunteeredtheirweekendsornamentingthebuildingthatwouldbecometheclinic.WenameditVolunteersinMedicineandweopeneditsdoorsin1994,fullystaffedbyretiredphysicians,nursesanddentistsaswellasnearly150nonprofessionalvolunteers.Thatyearwehad5,000patientvisits;lastyearwehad16,000.Somehowwordofwhatweweredoinggotaround.Soonwewerereceivingphonecallsfromretiredphysiciansalloverthecountry,askingforhelpinstartingVIMclinicsintheircommunities.Wedidthebestwecould–therearenow15otherclinicsoperating–butwecouldn’tkeepupwiththeneed.YetlastmonthIthinkmyfather’swordsfoundtheirwayupnorthtoMcNeilwillallowustorespondtotheserequestsandhelpestablishotherfreeclinicsincommunitiesaroundthecountry.
?urgethegovernmenttosetupnon-profitclinics
?maketoedreamoftheauthor’sfathercometrue
providefreemedicalservicestothosewhoneedthem
helpretiredmedicalworkersimprovetheirincomes
?Thestory?ofamanwholikestogiveothersadvice.
Thecontrastbetweentherichandthepooronanisland.
Thelifeandworkofagreatfather.
?Theinspirationofafather’swords.
?Gettingaspeciallicensefortheretiredoctors.
?Decoratingthebuildingthatwouldbecometheclinic.
?Buyingthemedicalequipment.
Findingthelandandtheoffice.
?McNeilcommunitywasbadlyinneedoffreehealthcareprograms
?Myfatherdecidedtoassistusinopeningmoreclinicsinthenorth
McNeildecidedtodosomethingfortheneedypeople
?Myfather’swordsfinallyreachedMcNeil
?aretiredconstruction?worker
?aretiredmedicalresearch?
B.aretiredteacher
aretiredphysician??
46、Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideally,therefore,thechoiceofan___1___shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually,___2___,mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives,___3___becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove___4___position.The“oneperfectjob”doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould___5___enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill___6___themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle___7___.Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans___8___benefitofhelpfromacompletevocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing___9___abouttheoccupationalworld,orthemselvesforthatmatter,theychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss___10___.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others___11___toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted.Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor___12___realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhigh-schoolstudents–ortheirparentsforthem–choosetheprofessionalfield,___13___boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal___14___.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora“White-collar”jobis___15___goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.___16___,theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualwork,the___17___ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious___18___tothesefields.Beforemakinganoccupationalchoice,apersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants___19___lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestige,othersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurity,othersarewillingtotake___20___forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandaswellasitsrewards.
multitude
majority
mass
minority
the
any
no
a
basis
purpose
chance
opportunity
furthermore
since
therefore
forever
thereby
however
therefore
though
concerning
following
disregarding
considering
to
without
for
with
its
your
their
our
fit
take
leave
make
their
its
his
our
few
much
little
alot
turns??
?parts??
?risks
choices??
appeal
turn
apply
stick
ambitions
preferences
requirements
tendencies
company
job
means
way
entirely
partly
largely
mainly
entertainment
identification
accommodation
occupation
?suggestion?
?appraisal
?proposal??
?consideration?
?outof??
?against??
towards?
?without
Therefore
Nevertheless
However
Moreover
47、Aqualityeducationistheultimateliberator.Itcanfreepeoplefrompoverty,givingthemthepowertogreatlyimprovetheirlivesandtakeaproductiveplaceinsociety.Itcanalsofreecommunitiesandcountries,allowingthemtoleapforwardintoperiodsofwealthandsocialunitythatotherwisewouldnotbepossible.Forthisreason,theinternationalcommunityhascommitteditselftogettingalltheworld’schildrenintoprimaryschoolby2015,acommitmentknownasEducationforAll.Caneducationforallbeachievedby2015?Theanswerisdefinitely“yes”,althoughitisadifficulttask.Ifwenowmeasurethegoalintermsofchildrensuccessfullycompletingaminimumoffiveyearsofprimaryschool,insteadofjustenrollingforclasses,whichusedtobethemeasuringstickforeducation,thenthechallengebecomesevenmoredifficult.Only32countrieswereformerlybelievedtobeatriskofnotachievingeducationforallonthebasisofenrollmentrates.Thenumberrisesto88ifcompletionratesareusedasthecriterion.Still,thegoalisachievablewiththerightpoliciesandtherightsupportfromtheinternationalcommunity.59ofthe88countriesatriskcanreachuniversalprimarycompletionby2015iftheybringtheefficiencyandqualityoftheireducationsystemsintolinewithstandardsobservedinhigher-performingsystems.Theyalsoneedsignificantincreasesinexternalfinancingandtechnicalsupport.The29countrieslaggingfarthestbehindwillnotreachthegoalwithoutunprecedentedratesofprogress.Butthisisattainablewithcreativesolutions,includinguseofinformationtechnologies,flexibleandtargetedforeignaid,andfewpeoplelivinginpoverty.
59
29
88
32
Usinginformationtechnologies.</p><p>
Buildingmoreprimaryschool
Raisingtheefficiencyofeducationsystems.</p><p>
?Improvingthequalityofeducation.
?alonemakesdevelopmentpossible
?supportthosecommittedtotransformingtheireducationsystems
maynotbehighlyeffective
isprovidedonlywhensomecriteriaaremet</p><p>
?liberatedpeoplefromanyexploitation
?givepeoplefreedom
freecountriesfromforeignrules
?speedupsocialprogress
48、Whenwomendobecomemanagers,dotheybringadifferentstyleanddifferentskillstothejob?Aretheybetter,orworse,managersthanmen?Arewomenmorehighlymotivatedand____1__thanmalemanagers?Someresearch__2__theideathatwomenbringdifferentattitudesandskillstomanagementjobs,suchasgreater__3__,anemphasisonaffiliationandattachment,anda___4_tobringemotionalfactorstobear___5_makingworkplacedecisions.Thesedifferencesare__6__tocarryadvantagesforcompanies,__7__theyexpandtherangeoftechniquesthatcanbeusedto__8___thecompanymanageitsworkforce__9___.AstudycommissionedbytheInternationalwomen’sForum_10___amanagementstyleusedbysomewomenmanagers(andalsobysomemen)that__11___fromthecommand-and-controlstyle__12__usedbymalemanager.Usingthis“interactiveleadership”approach,“women__13__participation,sharepowerandinformation,__14__otherpeople’sself-worth,andgetothersexcitedabouttheirwork.Allthese__15__reflecttheirbeliefthatallowing_16___tocontributeandtofell__17__andimportantisawin-win__18__-goodfortheemployeesandtheorganization.”Thestudy’sdirector__19__that“interactiveleadershipmayemerge_20___themanagementstyleofchoiceformanyorganizations.”
encourage?
?engage?
?dismiss???</p><p>
?disapprove?
?argues??
supports?
?opposes??
?despises?
?employees?
?managers?
?males?
?women??
therefore??
?because???
nonetheless?
?whereas??
things?
themes???
?researches??
?subjects??
inherently?
?traditionally?
?conditionally?
?occasionally
?enlarge????
?ignore??
?degrade?
enhance?
revised?
disclosed?
?seen?
watched??
developed?</p><p>
?discovered??</p><p>
?invented??
?located?</p><p>
aggressively?
precisely???
?effectively?
?evidently??
by??
?in???
?at????
?with?
?powerful??
faithful??
?skillful??</p><p>
?thoughtful?</p><p>
?correlation?
combination?
cooperativeness??
?coherence??
?detaches?</p><p>
?descends??
?derives?
?differs??
?loyalty??
?willingness??
?virtue
?sensitivity??
situation?</p><p>
?position?</p><p>
?status????
?circumstance?
confined???
?committed?</p><p>
confronted??
?commanded??
?from??</p><p>
?as????
?for?
?into??</p><p>
?direct?
help?
?enable??
?support?
?predicted??
?proclaimed???
?diagnosed?
?defied????
49、Mysurpriseoverthepastfewwintershasbeenthepersonalitytransformationmyparentsgothrougharoundmid-DecemberastheychangefromDadandMumintoGrandpaandGrandma.Yes,theybecomegrandparentsandarecompletelydifferentformthepeopleIknowtheotherelevenandahalfmonthsoftheyear.Thefirstsignofmyparents’changeisthedelighttheytakeinvisitingtoyandchildrenclothingstores.Thesetwopeople,whousuallydislikeanythinghavingtodowithshoppingmalls,becomecrazyconsumers.Whiletheytellmebudgetmymoneyandshopwisely,theyarebuyingupeverytollanddumptruckinsight.Andthisisonlythebeginningoftheholidays!Whenmybrother’schildrenarrive,GrandpaandGrandmacomeintofullform.Firsttheythrowoutallideasaboutabalanceddietforthegrandkids.Whilewewereraisedinahousewhereeveryonehadtotaketwobitesofcorn,beets,orliver(foodthatappearedquiteoftenonourtabledespiteconstantcomplaining),thegrandchildrenneverhavetoeatanythingthatdoesnotappealtothem.Grandmacarrieschocolateinherpocketstobribethelittlestonesintofollowingheraroundthehouse,whileGrandpaoffers“surprises”ofcandyandcaketothemadaylong.Boxesofchocolate-piedisappearwhilethewhole-wheatbreadgetshardandstale.Thekidsloveallthesweets,andwhenthesugarraisestheirenergylevels,GrandmaandGrandpacanalwaysdecidetoleaveanddoabitmoreshoppingorgotobedwhilemybrotherandsister-in-lawtrytodealwiththeirhighlyactivekids.Oncethegrandchildrenhavearrived,GranmaandGrandpaalsoseemtoforgetalloftheresponsibilitylecturesIsooftenhearinmydailylife.IfMickeyscreamsathissisterduringdinnerheis“developinghisownpersonality”;ifNancybreaksGrandma’smirror,sheis“justacuriouschild”.But,ifItrackmudintothehousewhilehelpingtounloadgroceries,Ibecome“careless”;ifIscoldoneofthegrandkidsfortearingpagesoutofmytextbook,Iam“impatient”.IfPaulatalksbacktohermother,GrandmaandGrandpasmileatherspirit.IfIsayonewordaboutallofthisexcessivelove,MumandDadreappeartohaveatalkwithmeaboutpettyjealousies.
?Theygethighlyenergetic.</p><p>
?Theyquietdown.</p><p>
?Theygotobed.</p><p>
?Theywantmoresweets.</p><p>
Theyarehavingalotoffun.
?Theylikechocolateverymuch.
?Theybehaveverywell.</p><p>
?Theyreceive?toysfromtheirgrandparents.</p><p>
thinksitunnecessary??</p><p>
?feelsjealous??
?feelsamazed</p><p>
thinksitannoying
gotalotofpocketmoney</p><p></p><p>
?wasscoldedifhemisbehaved</p><p>
?wasspoiledbyhisparents</p><p>
?likedthefoodshehad
?haveturnedintolovingparents
usedtobelieveindiscipline?forchildren
havebecomestrictparents</p><p>
?nolongercarefortheauthor
50、Itcanbearguedthatmuchconsumerdissatisfactionwithmarketingstrategiesarisesfromaninabilitytoaimadvertisingatonlythelikelybuyersofagivenproduct.Therearethreegroupsofconsumerswhoareaffectedbythemarketingprocess.First,thereisthemarketsegment-peoplewhoneedthecommodityinquestion.Second,thereistheprogramtarget-peopleinthemarketsegmentwiththe“bestfit”characteristicsforaspecificproduct.Lotsofpeoplemayneedtrousers,butonlyafewqualifyaslikelybuyersofveryexpensivedesignertrousers.Finally,thereistheprogramaudienceallpeoplewhoareactuallyexposedtothemarketingprogramwithoutregardtowhethertheyneedorwanttheproduct.Thesethreegroupsarerarelyidentical.Anexceptionoccursoccasionallyincaseswhencustomersforaparticularindustrialproductmaybefewandeasilyidentifiable.Suchconsumers,allsharingaparticularneed,arelikelytoformameaningfultarget,forexample,allcompanieswithaparticularapplicationoftheproductinquestion,suchashigh-speedfillersofbottlesatbreweries.Insuchcircumstances,directselling(marketingthatreachesonlytheprogramtarget)islikelytoexposemembersoftheprogramtargetandonlymembersofthegrogramtargettothemarketingprogram.Mostconsumer-goodsmarketsaresignificantlydifferent.Typically,therearemanyratherthanfewpotentialcustomers.Eachrepresentsarelativelysmallpercentageofpotentialsales.Rarelydomembersofaparticularmarketsegmentgroupthemselvesneatlyintoameaningfulprogramtarget.Therearesubstantialdifferencesamongconsumerswithsimilardemographiccharacteristics.Eachwithallthepastdecade’sadvancesininformationtechnology,directsellingofconsumergoodsisrare,andmassmarketing–amarketingapproachthataimsatawideaudience–remainstheonlyeconomicallyfeasiblemode.Unfortunately,therearefewmediathatallowthemarketertodirectamarketingprogramexclusivelytotheprogramtarget.Inevitably,peoplegetexposedtoagreatdealofmarketingforproductsinwhichtheyhavenointerestandsotheybecomeannoyed.
Morecustomerswouldbeneededtojustifytheexpenseofdirectselling.
Themarketsegmentandprogramtargetareidentical.
Themarketingprogramcannotbedirectedspecificallytotheprogramtarget.
Massmarketingistheonlyfeasiblewayofadvertisingsuchproducts.
Itisoftenusedincasewherethereisalargeprogramtarget.
Itisusedinthemarketingofmostindustrialproducts.
Itisusedonlyforproductsforwhichtherearemanypotentialcustomers.
Itisnoteconomicallyfeasibleformostmarketingprograms.
Theyareusedonlyforveryexpensiveproducts.
Theyshouldbeusedonlywhendirectsellingisnoteconomicallyfeasible.
Theycanbeusedtoexcludefromtheprogramaudiencepeoplewhoarenotpartoftheprogramtarget.
Theyarerarelyusedintheimplementationofmarketingprogramsforindustrialproducts.
Demographicresearchisofnouseindetermininghowsuccessfulproductwillbewithaparticulargroupsofconsumers.
Psychologicalfactorsaremoreimportantthandemographicfactorsindefiningamarketsegments.
Consumerswithsimilardemographiccharacteristicsdonotnecessarilyformameaningfulprogramtarget.
Agrogramaudienceisusuallycomposedofpeoplewithsimilardemographiccharacteristics.
51、Passage4Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofopposition,whichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansociety.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfights,butinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandforoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwar,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresources,trades,skills,andasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.
argueforthesimilaritiesbetweenanimalandhumansocieties
moothouttheconflictsinhumansocieties
distinguishtwokindsofopposition
summerizethecharacteristicfeaturesofoppositionandcooperation
itresultswarinmostcases
itinduceeffortstoexpandterritory
itisakindofoppositionamongsocialentities
itisessentiallyastruggleforexistence
betrayeachother
harmoneanother
helptocollaboratewitheachother
enefitoneanother
isaninevitablestruggleresultingfromcompetition
reflectstruggleamongsocialanimals
isanoppositionamongindividualsocialentities
canbeavoided
Iswarinevitable?
Whyarethereconflictandcompetition?
Isconflictdesirable?
Cancompetitionleadtoconflict
52、Passage3ProtestsattheuseofanimalsinresearchhavetakenanewandfearfulcharacterinBritainwiththeattemptedmurderoftwoBritishscientistsbytheterroristtechniqueofthepre-plantedcar-bomb.Theresearchcommunitywillrightlybealarmedatthesedevelopments,whichhavetwoobjectives:toarousepublicattentionandtofrightenpeopleworkinginresearchwithanimals.Thefirstneedisthateverythingshouldbedonetoidentifythoseresponsibleforthecrimesandtoputthemontrail.TheDefenceResearchSocietyhastakenthepracticalstepofofferingarewardof10,000poundsforinformationleadingtothoseresponsible,butpastexperienceisnotencouraging.Peopleareunlikelytobetemptedbysuchoffers.Theprofessionalpolicewillsimilarlybeconfrontedbytheusualproblemoffindinganeedleinahaystack.ThatiswhytheintellectualcommunityinBritainandelsewheremustactmorevigorouslyinitsowndefence.Thereareseveralstepsthatcanbetaken,ofwhichthechiefoneistodemandofalltheorganizationsthatexistwiththedeclaredobjectivesofsafeguardingtheinterestsofanimalsthattheyshoulddeclareclearlywheretheystandonviolencetowardspeople.Anditwillnotbeenoughforthechairmenandchairwomenoftheseorganizationstoutterplacatorystatementsonbehalfofalltheirmembers.Thesepeopleshouldalsoundertakethatitwillbeatestofcontinuingmembershipintheirorganizationsthatmembersandwouldbemembersshoulddeclarethattheywilltakenopartinactsofviolenceagainsthumanbeings.Evensuchundertakingswouldnotbefullyeffective:people,afterall,canlie.Butatleasttheywoulddistinguishtheorganizationsentitledtoacontinuingvoiceinthedialoguewiththeresearchcommunityabouttherightsofanimalsinresearchfromtheorganizationsthatdeservenosay.
theactsofviolenceagainstscientists
theuseofanimalsinresearch
thetechniquesofplantingbombsincars
theestablishmentofnewanimalprotectionorganization
Thepoliceabandonedtheireffortstofindthecriminals.
Theterroristsescapedwiththehelpoftheirorganizations.
TheattemptedmurdercausedgraveanxietyamongBritishscientists.
PeoplesympathizedmurdercausedgraveanxietyamongBritishscientists.
declaretheirobjectivesclearly
giveuptheuseofviolence
continuethedialoguewiththescientificcommunity
helptofindthoseresponsiblefortheattemptedmurder
sincepeoplecanlie,theproblemabouttherightsofscientistscan’tbesolved
animal-protectingorganizationsaboutbeheldresponsibleforactsofviolenceagainstscientists
animalprotectionorganizationsshouldbedeclaredillegal
thescientistsshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectthemselves
Theanimal-protectingorganizations.
Theorganizationsthatwilltalkwiththeresearchcommunity.
Thosewhosupporttheuseofanimalsinresearch.
Thosewhosupporttheanimal-protectionorganizations.
53、Passage2Thecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcomputersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.Marketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgmentastotheircompetitors’rolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifma-jorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitiveAppleComputer,Inchasintroducedtwonew,fasterpersonalcomputers,theMackintoshIIandMackintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple’smajorcompetitors.Apple’snewcomputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.TheimprovedMackintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC,includingIBM-compatible(兼容的)programs.Thiscompatibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufacturers’newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MakingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple’seffortatmakingthemackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales.UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessoriestomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.Thenewcomputersrepresentabigimprovementoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepuptoamorepowerfulcomputer.Applewantstostayinthehigh-priceandofthepersonalcomputermarkettofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitor’scomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics(图形),whereastheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecompatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies’products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.
IBMischangingitscomputermodelscontinuously<br
itwantstomakeitsmachinesspecializeinspecificuses<br
itwantstostayaheadofIBMinthecompetitivecomputermarket<br
itexpectsitsmajorcompetitorIBMtofollowitsexample
makingitsnewmodelscapableofrunningIBMsoftware
improvingthecolorgraphicsofitsnewmodels
copyingthemarketingstrategiesofIBM
givingthecustomerswhattheywant
theyhavenewfeaturesandfunctions<br
theyaremoresophisticatedthanothermodels<br
theyhavenewaccessoriesattached<br
itwantstoaccumulatefundsforfutureresearch
copyingeachother’stechnology<br
incorporatingfeaturesthatmaketheirproductsdistinctive<br
makingtheircomputersmoreexpensive<br
makingtheircomputersrunmuchfaster
Apple’sEffortstoStayAheadofIBM
Apple’sNewComputertechnology
Apple’sNewPersonalComputers
Apple’sResearchActivities
54、Passage1Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae.Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggsThesearetheshrimpsthatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50℃areoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch.Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutam8illmetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetertoalengthofabout1.5centimeters.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,how-ever,whentheyareabout3centimeterlong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforan-otheryear,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.
Theirlivesarebrief.
Theyfeedonplantandanimalorganisms.
Theireggscansurviveyearsofdrought.
Theylaytheireggsinthemud.
theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglake
theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurvive
theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendays
theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenviron.
thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimps
thesurvivalofdesertshrimps.
theimportanceofwatertolife
lifeintheMojaveDesert
trong<br
alert<br
soft
inactive<br
appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesert.
aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurvive.
forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdrought.
somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshconditions.
55、Passage4Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e,workedforsomebodyelseTodayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago“beingemployed”meantworkingasafactorylaborerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears;middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest–growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist’stradeorbookkeeping.Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.
eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactories.
twentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployees.
thepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofindustrialworkers.
thepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustrialworkers.
factorylaborerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumber.
thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesasfactorylaborers.
employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylaborers.
theproportionoffactorylaborersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased.
valuable
useful
doubtful
helpful
lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployee.
asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelations.
moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelations
asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganization.
tobemoresuccessfulinhiscareer
tobemorespecializedinhisfield
tosolvetechnicalproblems.
todevelophisprofessionalskill.
56、Passage3Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaboriousandthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident––themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(eg.Electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorse-drawncarriageillegalanthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomytoeitherproducethegoodsorservicesorpurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyinconsumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassicalmodelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecond(andcurrent)stage.
itwasanecessarystepintheprocessofindustrialization
theydependedonelectricityavailableonlytothemarketeconomy
itwastroublesometoproducesuchgoodsinthehome
themarketplacewasmoreefficientwithrespecttotheseprocesses
sometraditionalgoodsandserviceswerenotsuccessfulwhenprovidedbythehomeeconomy
themarketeconomyprovidednewgoodsandservicesneverproducedbythehomeeconomy
roducingtraditionalgoodsathomebecamesociallyunacceptable
whethernewgoodsandserviceswereproducedbythehomeeconomybecameirrelevant
aswageearner
othasmanufacturersandconsumers
othasworkersandpurchasers
ascustomers
thefamilywasnotefficientinproduction
itwasillegalforthehomeeconomytoproducethem
itcouldnotsupplythembyitself
themarketforthesegoodsandserviceswaslimited
thefamilycouldrelyeitheronthehomeeconomyoronthemarketplacefortheneededgoodsandservices
manyproductionprocesseswerebeingtransferredtothemarketplace
consumersreliedmoreandmoreonthemarketeconomy
thefamilycoulddecidehowtotransferproductionprocessestothemarketplace
57、Passage1OntheEastCoast,andparticularlyinNewEngland,thecolonistsfarmedmeagerlandsclosetotheircommunitiesandtosafety.Everymanwaspermanentlyondutyforthedefenseofhisfamilyandhisvillage;evenhuntingpartieswentintotheforestinforce,ratherlikeraidersthanhunters,andtheirsubsequentquarrelswiththeIndians,resultinginforaysandevenmassacres,remindusthatthedangerwasveryreal.Amantookhisgunalongwhenheworkedtheland,andthewomenstayedclosetotheirthick-walledhousesandlisteddayandnightforthesignalofalarm.Thetownstheysettledwerepermanent,andmostofthemexisttodaywiththeirrecordsofIndianraids,ofslaughter,ofscalpings,andofpunitivecounter-raids.Themilitaryleaderofthecommunitybecamethechiefauthorityintimeoftrouble,anditwasalongtimebeforedangerrecededandthemysterycouldbeexplored.Afteratime,however,braveandforest-wisemendriftedwestwardtohunt,totrap,andeventuallytobargainforthefurswhichwerethefirstpreciousnegotiablewealthAmericaproducedfortradeandexport.Thentradingpostsweresetupascentersofcollectionandtheexploringmenmovedupanddowntheriversandcrossedthemountains,madefriendsformutualprofitwiththeIndians,learnedthewildernesstechniques,sothattheseexplorer-traderssoondressed,at,andgenerallyactedliketheindigenouspeoplearoundthem.Suspicionlastedalongtime,andwasfedbyclashessometimesamountingtofull-fledgedwarfare;butbynowtheseAmericansattackedanddefendedastheIndiansdid.ForagoodlytimetheAmericansweretravelers,movingaboutthecountrycollectingitsvaluables,butwithlittleideaofpermanence;theirrootsandtheirheartswereinthetownsandthegrowingcitiesalongtheeasternedge.Thefewwhostayed,wholivedamongtheIndians,adoptedtheircustomsandsometookIndianwivesandwereregardedasstrangeandsomehowtreasonablecreatures.ASfortheirhalf-breedchildren,whilethetribesometimesadoptedthemtheywereunacceptableasequalsintheeasternsettlements.Thenthetrickleofimmigrantsbecameastream,andthepopulationbegantomovewestward—nottograbandleavebuttosettleandlive,theythought.ThenewcomerswereofpeasantstockandtheyhadtheirrootsinaEuropewheretheyhadbeenlandless,forthepossessionoflandwastherequirementandtheproofofahighersocialclassthantheyhadknown.InAmericatheyfoundbeautifulandboundlesslandforthetaking—andtheytookit.Itislittlewonderthattheywentland-mad,becausetherewassomuchofit.Theycutandburnedtheforeststomakeroomforcrops;theyabandonedtheirknowledgeofkindnesstothelandinordertomaintainitsusefulness.Whentheyhadcroppedoutapiecetheymovedon,rapingthecountrylikeinvaders.Thetopsoil,heldbyrootsandfreshenedbyleaf-fall,waslefthelplesstothespringfreshets,strippedanderodedwiththenakedbonesofclayandrockexposed.Thedestructionoftheforestschangedtherainfall,forthesearchingcloudscouldfindnogreenandbeckoningwoodstodrawthemonandmilkthem.Themercilessnineteenthcenturywaslikeahostileexpeditionforlootthatseemedlimitless.Uncountablebuffalowerekilled,strippedoftheirhides,andlefttorot,areservoirofpermanentfoodsupplyeliminated.Morethanthat,thelandoftheGreatPlainswasrobedofthemanureoftheherds.Thentheplowswentinandrippedofftheprotectionofthebuffalograss4andopenedthehelplesssoiltoquickwaterandslowdroughtandthemischievouswindsthatroamedthroughtheGreatCentralPlains.TherehasalwaysbeenmorethanenoughdesertinAmerica;thenewsettlers,likeoverindulgedchildren,createdevenmore.
Becausetheydidn’thaveenoughpeopletocultivatemoredistantland.
BecausetheyweretoocraventobedefeatedbyIndians.
Becausemeagerlandswereeasytobeplowed.
Becausetheyfeltsafeneartheirsettlement.
tradewiththeIndians
snatchitspreciousresources
appreciateitsbeauty
findabetterplacetolive
TheAmericanshatedthelandbecauseitwastheirenemy.
TheAmericansweredeniedtheknowledgeofkindnesstotheland.
TheAmericanssacrificednaturalenvironmentfornationaldevelopment.
TheAmericansknewthataperson’ssocialstatuswasdeterminedbyhowmuchlandheowned.
Satiric
Appreciative
Critical
Sentimental
ThechangeofthepowerrelationshipbetweentheAmericansandtheIndians.
Americans’savageryandthoughtlessnesswithIndians.
ThehistoryofAmericanoverseascolonization.
TherelationshipbetweentheAmericansandtheland.
58、Passage1Inthe1997general-electioncampaign,“Education,Education”wasTonyBlair’spetphrase.Timeschangequickly.Educationisgoingrapidlyoutoffashion.“Learning”(tobeexact,“lifelonglearning”)isNewLabor’snewbuzzword.Theshiftfrom“education”to“learning”reflectsmorethanachangeoflanguage.Itstemsfrombotheducationalresearchandleft-wingideas.Duringthe1980s,BritisheducationalistsgotsomenewAmericanideas.Onewasthenotionthattraditionalexaminationsdonottestthefullrangeofpeople’sabilities.Anotherwasthebeliefthatskillsarenotnecessarilylearnedfromteachersinaconventionalclassroom.Peoplecanpickthemupinallsortsofways.Allthisechoedleft-wingideasthattraditionalteachingmethodswerenotsufficientlyadaptabletotheneedsofindividuallearners.Advocatesoflifelonglearningarguethatitmerelydescribeswhathaschangedineducationinthepastdecade.Andtherearenowhundredsofschemesinwhichpupilslearnoutsidetheclassroom.Untilnow,educationhasbeenchangingfrombelow.Inthenextfewweeks,thegovernmentwillhelpfromabove.Oneofitsmainprojectsforlifelonglearningisabouttobeginitsfirstpilotprogrammers.Withfundingof$44millioninitsfirstyear,itwillcoordinateanewnetworkof“learningcenters”throughoutthecountry.Traditionalinstitutions,suchasschoolsandcolleges,willprovidetrainingatsomenon-traditionalplacesoflearning,suchassupermarkets,pubs,andchurches,Thetheoryisthatinsuchplacesstudentswillfellmoreatease,andthereforewillbebettermotivatedthaninaclassroom.Thenewschemesallowconsumersofeducationtoexercisecompletechoiceoverwhere,whatandwhentheylearn.Intherestofthestate-runeducationsectors,thegovernmentstillseemstobecommittedtorestrictingchoicesasmuchaspossible.Iftheseprogramssucceed,theycouldimprovetheskillsofBritain’sworkforce.
willallowstudentstohavecompletecontrolovertheirlearning
arestartedfrombelow
willbecarriedoutinthetraditionalinstitutions
havebeguninthepastdecade
willcontinuetorestrictchoicesinallthestate-runeducationsector
hasnotchangeditseducationalpolicy
willsetupmany“learningcenters”inBritain
isreluctanttomakelargeinvestmentsineducation
traditionalexamscantestthefullrangeofpeople’sabilities
pupilscanlearnlittlefromteachersinaconventionalclassroom
thenotionoflifelonglearningisonlytheresultofeducationalresearch
thereareotherwaysforpupilstolearnskills
Traditionalteachingmethodscannotsatisfytheneedsofindividualleaners
Pupilscanlearnskillsoutsidetheclassroom
Studentswillbebettermotivatedinaclassroom
ThenewschemesareintendedtoimprovetheskillsofBritain’sworkforce
reflectsthetraditionalideasineducation
isnotjustachangeoflanguage
reflectsthegovernment’swishtorestrictchoices
isbutachangeoflanguage
59、Directions:Thereisapassagewith10blanks.Fillintheblankswiththeproperformsofwordsandexpressionsgivenintheboxgivenbeforethepassage.westwardstockland-madhigherboundlesstricklesettlerequirementstocklittleThenthetrickleofimmigrantsbecameastream,andthepopulationbegantomovewestward--nottograbandleavebuttosettleandlive,theythought.Thenewcomerswereofpeasantstock,andtheyhadtheirrootsinaEuropewheretheyhadbeenlandless,forthepossessionoflandwastherequirementandtheproofofahighersocialclassthantheyhasknown.InAmericatheyfoundbeautifulandboundlesslandforthetakingandtheytookit.Itislittlewonderthattheywentland-mad,becausetherewassomuchofit.
60、Directions:Thereisapassagewith10blanks.Fillintheblankswiththeproperformsofwordsandexpressionsgivenintheboxgivenbeforethepassage.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheANSWERSHEET.helplessrobmercilessland-madrapereservoirsearchcropoutabandonexposeItislittlewonderthattheywent____1___,becausetherewassomuchofit.Theycutandburnedtheforeststomakeroomforcrops;they____2___theirknowledgeofkindnesstothelandinordertomaintainitsusefulness.Whentheyhad____3____apiecetheymovedon,____4____thecountrylikeinvaders.Thetopsoil,heldbyrootsandfreshenedbyleaf-fall,wasleft____5___tothespringfreshets,strippedanderodedwiththenakedbonesofclayandrock___6___.Thedestructionoftheforestschangedtherainfall,forthe____7____cloudscouldfindnogreenandbeckoningwoodstodrawthemonandmilkthem.The_____8____nineteenthcenturywaslikeahostileexpeditionforlootthatseemedlimitless.Uncountablebuffalowerekilled,strippedoftheirhidesandlefttorod,a___9_____ofpermanentfoodsupplyeliminated.Morethanthat,thelandoftheGreatPlainswas____10_____ofthemanureoftheherds.
61、Directions:Thereisapassagewith10blanks.Fillintheblankswiththeproperformsofwordsandexpressionsgivenintheboxgivenbeforethepassage.reconstructhomicidefailcompleteifshockveteranbaffleassailantrecitationStill___1__isAssistantChiefInspectorFrederickM.Lussen,inchargeoftheborough’sdetectivesanda___2__of25yearsof___3__investigations.Hecangiveamatter-of-fact___4__onmanymurders.ButtheKewGardensslaying__5___him--notbecauseitisamurder,butbecausethe“goodpeople”___6__tocallthepolice.“Aswehave___7__thecrime,”hesaid,“the___8__hasthreechancestokillthiswomanduringa35-minuteperiod.Hereturnedtwiceto___9__thejob.__10___wehasbeencalledwhenhefirstattacked,thewomanmightnotbedeadnow.”
62、Directions:Thereisapassagewith10blanks.Fillintheblankswiththeproperformsofwordsandexpressionsgivenintheboxgivenbeforethepassage.recklessfilthypleasuregirdlethroughbelchingrequirecombustionwastepersistThistendencytowardirresponsibility___1___inverymanyofustoday,ourriversarepoisonedby___2___dumpingofsewageandtoxicindustrial___3___,theairofourcitiesis___4___anddangeroustobreathefromthe___5___ofuncontrolledproductsfromofcoal,oilandgasoline___6___.Ourtownsare___7___withwreckageandthedebrisofourtoys--ourautomobilesadourpackaged___8___.___9___uninhibitedsprayingagainstoneenemywehavedestroyedthenaturalbalancesoursurvive___10___.
63、Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Understandingthistransitionrequiresalookatthetow-sidedconnectionbetweenenergyandhumanwell-being.Energycontributespositivelytowell-beingbyprovidingsuchconsumerservicesasheatingandlightingaswellasservingasanecessaryinputtoeconomicproduction.Butthecostsofenergy--includingnotonlythemoneyandotherresourcesdevotedtoobtainingandexploitingit,butalsoenvironmentalandsociopoliticalimpacts--detractfromwell-being.Formostofhumanhistory,thedominantconcernsaboutenergyhavecenteredonthebenefitsideoftheenergy-well-beingequation.Inadequacyofenergyresourcesormoreoftenofthetechnologiesandorganizationsforharvesting,converting,anddistributingthoseresourceshasmeantinsufficientenergybenefitsandhenceinconvenience,deprivingandconstraintsongrowth.
64、Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoycustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butiteverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,owfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.
65、Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Theofficedesk,asweknowit,mayhavehaditsday.AlargestudyonthefutureofworkintheUKpredictstheriseofthe“mobileworker”movingwithnotebookcomputerandmobilephonebetweenoffice,home,hotel,airportorhighwayservicestationastheneedsofajobdemand.Today,morethanfivemillionpeoplealreadyspendsometimeworkingathomeoronthemove,accordingtoarecentreport.Thatnumberwillrisedramaticallyoverthecomingdecades,withmobileworkbecomingoneofthefastest-growingtypesofemployment.Accordingtothestudy“WorkingintheTwenty-FirstCentury”,individualswillnotnecessarilyseethemselvesasworkingfromhome.Theycouldequallybeworkingfromtheoffice,buttheywillbeonthemovefromplacetoplace,workingatvarioustimesoftheday,formuchoftheweek.Foralargeproportionofworkers,workintwentyyears’timewillbemoreaboutmovementthanstayinginoneplace.
66、Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Ihaveoftenwonderedatthesavageryandthoughtlessnesswithwhichourearlysettlersapproachedthisrichcontinent.Theycameatitasthoughitwereanenemy,whichofcourseitwas.Theyburnedtheforestsandchangedtherainfall;theysweptthebuffalofromtheplains,blastedthestreams,setfiretothegrass,andranarecklessscythethroughthevirginandnobletimber.Perhapstheyfeltthatitwaslimitlessandcouldneverbeexhaustedandthatamancouldmoveontonewwondersendlessly.Certainlytherearemanyexamplestothecontrary,buttoalargeextenttheearlypeoplepillagedthecountryasthoughtheyhatedit,asthoughtheyheldittemporarilyandmightbedrivenoffatanytime.
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